From willow to laurel

From willow to laurel

What Happened? The Ottoman Empire addressed original problems with original solutions. Its success is evident because it was built not through imitation but by creating and constructing anew. We can…
History of Turkish modernization

History of Turkish modernization

The Westernization efforts that began with the Tanzimat Edict in 1839 entered an intense period with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. With the proclamation of the Kanun-ı Esasi (Constitution),…